Madar-e-Millat

Fatima Jinnah qualified as a dentist in Calcutta in 1923, at a time when very few women in the subcontinent entered the profession at all. She gave up her practice to work alongside her brother and remained his closest political confidante for the rest of his life.

After 1947 she became a public figure in her own right, and one of the few willing to criticise the direction the new state was taking. In 1965 she stood for the presidency against Ayub Khan, a serving general, and drew crowds that made the result look far less certain than it was.

She is remembered as Madar-e-Millat, mother of the nation. She died in Karachi in 1967.